三七植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展

三七（Panax notoginseng（Burk.）F. H. Chen）含有皂苷类、多糖类、黄酮类、炔类、醇类等结构不同的 多种化学成分,其有效成分以皂苷类和三七素为主,具有止血、活血、补血、抗血栓、保护心肌等多种药理作用,已被广泛用于临床疾病的治疗中。本文针对三七的应用现状,结合国内外相关文献,综述了三七皂苷及多糖类的主要活性成分类型,分别比较了三七皂苷及多糖的提取工艺,概述了三七活性成分在抗炎、抗肿瘤、提高免疫力、活血化瘀等方面的药理作用。为加强三七多糖的研究,优化三七活性物质提取工艺,完善三七总皂苷与其它药用成分配伍体系,进而加快三七植物的综合开发提供参考。     

黄连素的药理作用及机制研究进展

黄连素是从黄连、黄柏等植物中提取出来的一种生物碱,其具有显著的抗菌作用,用来治疗细菌性胃肠炎、痢疾等消化道疾病已有很长的历史。近年来,黄连素的其他药理作用逐渐被发现。研究结果表明,黄连素对心血管系统、神经系统、内分泌系统等均有明显影响,尤其是降血脂作用对防治动脉粥样硬化效果良好。黄连素还能增加胰岛素的敏感性来治疗糖尿病。黄连素被发现有明显的抗炎抗癌作用。黄连素能杀伤肿瘤细胞抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡。黄连素还能影响钙离子、钾离子等离子通道来调节电解质平衡。由于黄连素的抗炎抗氧化作用,可用于治疗消化性溃疡。本文就黄连素的作用及其机制进行了详细的总结,包括黄连素对心血管系统、神经系统、内分泌系统的影响以及抗炎、抗菌、抗癌等药理作用,还有对离子通道、周期蛋白、细胞外基质的影响。有关黄连素的作用及机制越来越引人关注,尤其是抗癌活性,表明对含有黄连素这一活性成分的中药及方剂的研究将会有新的进展。总结黄连素的作用及其机制,将有助于提高黄连素的临床应用及新药研发。     

Pharmacological therapy selection of type 2 diabetes based on the SWARA and modified MULTIMOORA methods under a fuzzy environment

Medication selection for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a challenging medical decision-making problem involving multiple medications that can be prescribed to control the patient’s blood glucose. The wide range of hyperglycemia lowering agents with varying effects and various side effects makes the decision quite difficult. This paper presents computer-aided medical decision support using a fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model that hybridizes a Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method with a modification of Fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of a Ratio Analysis plus the full multiplicative form (FMULTIMOORA) method for pharmacological therapy selection of T2D. It makes the use of SWARA for obtaining the relative significance of every selected criterion by soliciting experts’ opinions and FMULTIMOORA method for evaluation of each alternative according to all criteria based on a published clinical guideline. In this paper, an extended reference point approach is considered in the proposed hybrid MCDM model that resolves the classic reference point limitations and improves the FMULTIMOORA ranking procedure. Computational results indicate that Metformin is confirmed as the first-line medication and Sulfonylurea as the second-line add-on therapy. The Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and Insulin are placed 3rd, 4th, and 5th, respectively. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to validate the model performance by comparing its result with studies in the literature, other fuzzy MCDM techniques and an interval MULTIMOORA method based on an observational dataset. The close correspondence between the final rankings of anti-diabetic agents resulted from the proposed hybrid model and other methodologies provide significant implications for endocrinologists to refer.     

Daratumumab: Therapeutic asset,biological trap!

Objectives

Recently, daratumumab has been included in the therapeutic strategies for myeloma patients. This molecule is an antibody directed against CD38, strongly expressed on plasma cells. Nevertheless, as CD38 is also present on erythrocyte membrane, daratumumab interferes with immunohaematological tests, complicating the selection of compatible blood.

Factors pivotal for designing of nanoantimicrobials: an exposition

Understanding the interplay between bacterial pathogens and antimicrobials is a key to realize the control over infections causing morbidity and mortality. An important current issue of contemporary medicine and microbiology is the search for new strategies for adequate therapy of infectious diseases associated with rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Recently, a great deal of progress has been made in the field of nanobiotechnology towards the development of various nanoantimicrobials (NAMs) as novel therapeutic solution. Current microbiological studies, employing either synthetic antibiotics or natural antimicrobial, have demonstrated the ability of NAMs to tackle the issue of MDR by reverting the mechanisms of resistance. The present review critically discusses the various factors that can contribute to modulate the effects of NAMs on microbes. It includes essential features of NAMs including but not limited to composition, surface charge, loading capacity, size, hydrophobicity/philicity, controlled release and functionalization. In contrast, how microbial structural differences, biofilm formation, persister cells and intracellular pathogens contribute towards sensitivity or resistance towards antimicrobials is comprehensively analysed. These multilateral factors should be considered earnestly in order to make NAMs a successful alternative of the conventional antibiotics.     

成骨细胞与破骨细胞共培养及其应用研究进展

成骨细胞与破骨细胞并非孤立存在,两种细胞存在直接接触、分泌旁分泌因子、细胞与骨基质3种相互作用.成骨细胞与破骨细胞共培养技术有直接接触式、间接接触式2类方式,它能最大程度地模拟体内微环境,有利于研究两细胞间的相互作用,探讨两者失衡在骨质疏松症等骨代谢疾病形成中的作用;细胞共培养应根据病理状态下两细胞的比例选用种属来源一致的细胞.目前该技术主要用于探讨药物防治骨质疏松症的作用机制,已有淫羊藿、三七、补骨脂、雷奈酸锶等既促进成骨细胞骨形成,又抑制破骨细胞骨吸收活性的双重药理作用研究等报道.成骨细胞与破骨细胞共培养的一个新的应用方向,将是应用于软骨下骨重建功能活动的探讨以及中西药干预骨性关节炎的研究.     

Global repolarization sequence of the right atrium: monphasic action potential mapping in health pigs

The aim of the study was to explore the global sequence of atrial repolarization and its correlation to that of activation. Endocardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were sequentially recorded from 51 +/- 14 sites in the right atrium of ten healthy pigs using the CARTO electroanatomic mapping system. Local activation time (AT), MAP duration, and 90% repolarization time (RT) were obtained, and from these data, color coded three-dimensional maps of AT and RT sequences and spatial distribution of MAP duration were reconstructed. The results of the study were: (1) An activation sequence was recognizable in all maps, starting from the posterosuperior wall and ending in the posteroinferior wall near the tricuspid annulus. (2) The repolarization sequence was also recognizable in all maps, and mainly followed the sequence of activation. (3) A significant positive correlation between the RT and AT was observed in all maps with an average r value being 0.571 +/- 0.159 (P < 0.01 - 0.0001), suggesting that progressively later AT associates with progressively longer RT. (4) No consistent correlation between the MAP duration and AT was found. In conclusion, repolarization gradients exist over the atrial endocardium in healthy pigs. The repolarization sequence follows the same sequence as the activation, suggesting that the spatiotemporal pattern of activation is an important determinant of the characteristics of the repolarization sequence.